Tream paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tream - Term Paper ExampleModern buildings st sick-abed incorporate beauty of cheat in there morphological design which is in line with the old practice of pre-modern architecture. According to a quote from Improvement of Modern Systems by Sitte- Our study has certainly demonstrated that it is non at all necessary to design modern city plans in as stereotyped a fashion as is the custom, that it is quite unnecessary to foreswear in them all the beauties of art and the attainments of the past, he confirms how pre-modern architecture focused on laurel wreath that were aesthetic in value. In as far as the ornament in modern architecture need to maximize the good of all users, the necessity of stereotyped fashion that focused more than on beauties of art was still somewhat of use in modern architecture. However, it is impractical to conceive pit ceilings much better contrived comp ared to those of the early churches. This is because they are at once, ravishing, light, substantial , and lofty. First, they are light, since, their principal strength anchors in the ribs and the intermediate spaces or the spandrils are packed in with small light stones. Secondly, they are substantial, since for every stone being cold shoulder to the centre and turning the portions of the curve, when combined they are capable of thwarting immense pressure and the keys or the bosses wedging all together. Thirdly, they are beautiful, since for no ceiling is worth being conceived more elegant and graceful than an elongated perspective of lines and arches which radiate from exquisitely carved centers. Fourthly, they are lofty, since, not only in relation to the elevation at which these stone ceilings of early churches are placed, but also that their construction enables the clerestory windows to get carried up high with a crown of the arch inside the intermediate spaces. thrash roof express beauty and slide off snow Pre-modern architecture design utilized pitch roof so often. This is because of its perceived utility and beautiful appearance as opposed to the ugly look of flat roof. In pointed architecture, the pitch of roof is a subject in which certain useful observations might be made. One can find, on examination that the extremely beautiful pitch of any roof or gable end is undoubtedly an angle of inclination satisfactorily steep to slide off snow without offering the slate too perpendicular a strain, that is created by the two sides on equilateral triangle. When this form is departed from, the gable definitely appears either too widely spread or painfully acute. Every really beautiful form in ornamentation of architecture is actually based on soundest principles of utility. The Practical men know how fiat-pitched roofs, that are extremely ugly in appearance, are nothing more than an ill calculated roof incapable of resisting the action of weather. Moreover, especially in slated roofs, gusts of wind in fact, blow under and also lift up the covering. Pur pose of ornamentation is a factor to consider in design work The purpose of ornamentation should come out clearly and be shown in the both sexual and external appearance of any design work. Ornamentation should clearly reveal the purpose unto which a building is to be put. A building for worship of God, for exemplification should be different from the one used for settlements. A chapel should be different from house of residence. Cathedral should be differe

The Solution to Terrorism Essay Example for Free

The Solution to terrorist act EssayIncidents of terrorism be among the biggest problem organism faced in the world-wide community. Terrorism is the use of coercive mogul to spread terror, fear and chaos amongst innocent victims. Terrorism is usually perpetrated to lower an ideologic goal in which terrorists believe that targets must be deliberately aimed at, disregarding the outcome of their actions, the welf atomic number 18 of their combatants and their impacts upon innocent civilians. Terrorism is a widespread phenomenon. Most of the countries suffered from its make since the dawn of history. While there get to been modifications and aspects at which it is employed by terrorist groups, the ultimate goal is to instill fear and to weaken the states in order to impose their ideologies towards other societies. Thus, transnational terrorism has indeed posted a great amount of uncertainties, doubts and fear among the volume. The solution to the terrorist incidents is yet u nknown, however there are opposite views that are of great importance in order to solve this dilemma. United States of the States, with its hegemonic leadership, has also claimed about world victims of terrorism. Attacks launched against United States have put down them under fire. And as such, the actions committed against their government and stability fueled counterattacks, and the has kinda put the emphasis in battling terrorism intensified than ever.United States Terrorism The terrorist attacks committed against the United States of America flared up a number of heated reactions and counter aggressions. The attacks on September 11, 2001 marked the aggressive counter insurgency acts against their perceived opponents. Simultaneously, the United States government make an international statement that involved United States associate in their fight against terrorism (Zunes). When the attacks occurred in United States, the government was prompted to retaliate and create plans of action in order to restore peace in the country. Counter terrorist actions are also geared towards eradicating terrorists activities around the world. The United States government under George W. Bush administration claimed that the actions that they initiated were aimed at helping other countries that are suffering under the claws of terrorism. However, some observers within the international community had different views on the United States intention behind their enraged plans of action against the countries which they thought and believed were supporting terrorist groups. Given the history of warfares that United States engaged in, some believed that there were far larger motives behind the attacks they launched, specifically against Iraq.Solution to Terrorism The incidences of terrorism have been excessively alarming. And the past counterattacks to subdue terrorism have never been proven to become useful in solving the terrorist dilemma. Instead, the counterattacks that ta rgeted United States aggressors rather intensified the chaos brought by insurgencies. Religious disputes have been for long, the root cause of ideological differences which often result in religious wars. The United States deliberate refusal to concede their religious differences with the Muslims, further heightened the animosity between Muslim states and United States and their allies. Violence is never a solution for violence as such, war will not be able to put an end to wars. The recent experiences of United States in their engagement in wars will prove that further involvement in such will lonesome(prenominal) increase atrocities rather than solve the conflict. During the three years wherein United States participated in the war in the Middle East is a proofread that chaos countered with chaos shall only never succeed in bringing democracy in Iraq, Israel or countries in the Middle East that are being questioned for support to terrorism (Zinn). These actions from the United States are only proof of them being inevitably indiscriminate and morally reprehensible (Zinn). The truth that the United States resorted to use unwarranted means in dealing with such situations, rather than employ democratic ways of solving conflicts is a proof of their refusal to make amends to ensure international peace. In addition, these attempts to seize the lands and territories of Unites States opponents have only acquired them more enemies rather than allies. It further increased the animosity between races and religions, which definitely will not make believe to the earn of the people. It must be reiterated that increasing the animosity between two sides who believe in different religion, culture and ideologies will never put an end to international chaos. Rather, if two opposing sides will try to meet despite their differences rather than widening the gap, international peace may be attainable. In this light, it must be put into consideration that indeed religious dif ferences are crucial factors in solving the terrorism dilemma. People must chink to believe that Islam is not, and was never the descent of terrorism in the world. The concept of Moslem Terrorism in the world has widened enough the gap between the Muslims and people who belong to different religious groups. Islam is not cause of terrorism. And as such, acceptance of this fact may lead the international community towards a solution in combating terrorism in a rather dispassionate way (Yahya). According to Islamic believers and scholars, Muslims do not view war as the sole solution to bring peace in the world, uncomplete to impose their beliefs amongst the people. The values taught to them from their religion states that spreading terror amongst the society is never an option, nor killing innocent lives. Religious wars and retaliations are only allowed and necessary if their beliefs and race are being trampled by other people (Yahya).The Root Cause of Terrorism The increasing t rend of third world animosity is one of the most important factors that contributes to the occurrences of terrorism. Islam, being a widespread religion and belief among members of the third world countries has become a target for first world countries who have beliefs different from what they are accustomed for. Members of the first world countries, the United States in particular have always been a fanatic of providing enlightenment and camaraderie amongst less developed countries. Americans and their allies have always assumed the role of leaders and international pacifier. Thus, they have neglected the need to recognize their differences with other people of other descents. This animosity and enthusiasm of the Westerners to educate and liberalize their counterparts in the East has increased the gap between the more stiff West and the less developed East, particularly the Muslim nations who have always considered their beliefs as sacred. The Westerners inability to understand th ese differences caused the Muslim Easterners to feel dislodged from the international community. And the massive attempts done deliberately to lure them into embracing the Western culture only aggravated the gap and the hostility among nations. Terrorism has occurred as a response to the Westerners, particularly United States attempts to extend their influence over other countries. These retaliations were geared towards preserving their culture, and defend their beliefs and territories from foreign invasion. However, United States with their distinct influence and control over the majority of less developed countries were able to rationalize their attacks and actions against Muslim countries as noble acts that are only intended to keep the international community peaceful and less chaotic.Conclusions and Recommendations for the West The Western notion on the use of terror in the Islamic context is often misplaced and deliberately misused to serve the Westerners purpose. The continu ous beliefs by the majority of the world that Islamic fundamentalists are terrorists add to the animosity and perplexity of Muslims against people from different race and religion. If this shall perpetuate and continue, the gap between Muslims and Christians, Westerners and Easterners and third world and first world countries shall never be resolved. In order to put an end to these animosities, the continuing clash of civilization must stop first. The notion of West superiority and their desire to civilize the East will not work at all times. Other states will retaliate and oppose this noble cause. As mentioned, the Muslims are highly trained to believe that their religion is sacred, and attempts to forge another(prenominal) belief into them will cause further violence rather than peaceful amendments. Thus, rather than trying to impose a new culture, religion and set of beliefs to them, the Westerners should learn how to cope with their differences and try to become rather pass on in dealing with them. Most importantly, the source of all the conflicts in the international arena is anchored on the ignorance of the people and their deliberate attempts to enforce bigotry rather than acceptance. Thus, instead of insurgencies and counterattacks against those who believe differently from what they have been accustomed at, people from different countries must try to become open at accepting differences. Gaining a better understanding of the occurrences behind terrorism and recognizing the differences between races, ethnicities and religions, a solution to terrorism may be found in increasing the receptiveness of different societies with each other. Cultural and religious relativism may decrease incidents of terrorism. In addition, recognizing the pursuit towards political, economic and religious autonomy from the dictates of more powerful nations may help in subduing terrorist threats. Different people who belong in different races are always prone to misunderstan dings. However, given enough concern and openness to the varying opinions from people who were raised in different cultures and societies will lessen the hostility between races and ethnicities. Thus, instead of engaging in wars and resorting to violent means of decide these differences, governments of states must think of better and more proper ways of reaching out to other states. Imposing ones influence through the use of coercive force is not effective, it rather brings forth violence while instilling fear among the citizens. If we want the world to become peaceful and less chaotic, we must start employing peaceful methods to battle terrorism, violence and hostilities between countries.Works CitedYahya, Harun. (n.d). Islam is Not the Source of Terrorism, But its Solution. Islam Denounces Terrorism. 24 July 2008 http//www.islamdenouncesterrorism.com/mainarticle.htmlZinn, Howard. (2006). War is Not a Solution for Terrorism. Boston News. 24 July 2008 http//www.boston.com/ counters ign/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/09/02/war_is_not_a_solution_for_terrorism/Zunes, Stephen. (2001). International Terrorism. Foreign Policy in Focus. 24 July 2008 http//www.fpif.org/briefs/vol3/v3n38terr.html

Issues Facing Latino Immigrants in Todays Political Climate Essay Example for Free

Issues approach Latino Immigrants in Todays Political Climate EssayThe coupled States is a country built on in-migration, both level-headed and extralegal. One of the nigh influential assemblys in terms of immigration in the States is the Latin Ameri sight demographic. Latin Americans influence everything from their local economies, politics, coating and monastic order in general. on that point argon a number of arguments made both for and against continued immigration by Latinos, from the fact that only Americans argon descended from immigrants to the fact that they show pick uped labor in areas that many American citizens are less inclined to melt in. The argument against immigration is that allowing Latin Americans in steals jobs from U.S. citizens, they contribute unduly to crime statistics or that they take advantage of social function reserved for legal Americans without paying the taxes that keep these programs in service. In this paper, I ordain defen d a brief history of Latin American immigration and present arguments both for and against continued movement into the United States. The close of the paper will be reserved for my opinion on what the best course of action would be to curtail the problems facing immigration in the United States.The first meaningful ramble of Mexican workers coming into the United States began in the early years of the twentieth century, following the curtailment of Japanese immigration in 1907 and the consequent drying up of brazen Asian labor. The need for Mexican labor increased sharply when the Unites States entered World War I. The Mexican government agreed to export Mexican workers as thin out laborers to enable American workers to fight overseas. After the war, an intensifying nativist climate led to restrictive quotas on immigration from Europe and to the creation of the U.S. Border Patrol, aimed at cutting back the flow of Mexicans. merely economic demand for unskilled migrant workers co ntinued throughout the Roaring Twenties, encouraging Mexican immigrants to cross the hem inlegally or non. This early need for labor, stemming both from a lack of available men due to the war effort and a distrust of Asian immigrants, became the catalyst for Mexican workers to begin migrating into the U.S. The ready work, better wages compared to those in their home country and promise of a better life either in the United States or back in their home countries, led many Latinos to cross the borderand begin settling and working in America.The early influx of Latino laborers fostered combat the loss of American men to the war effort in Europe. World War I and World War II entertained a great many American males to Europe and the Pacific to serve in the military, which left notees short on labor. Although women started entering the work labour at this time, there still was a dearth of labor to fill all the roles that had opened up with the mass exodus of American males into the m ilitary.Following the return of the United States military after the war effort subsided, there was less need for immigrant labor and so a great many of the Latino workers returned to their home countries. The commit for legal immigrant labor to fill necessary position started evolving into its cur take state, whereby businesses supplant legal workers with illegal workers, thus gaining nettle to the labor that their businesses require while besides paying a fraction of the wages that legal citizens would demand.One of the tools fustys hurt used very successfully over the past 25 years to drudge down wages, bust unions, and increase CEO salaries has been to encourage illegal immigrant labor in the US. Their technique is transparently simple. Conservatives well understand supply and demand. If theres much of something, its worth goes down. If it becomes scarce, its price goes up.They also understand that this applies just as readily to labor as it does to houses, cars, soybean s, or oil. While the history of much of the progressive movement in the United States has been to control the supply of labor ( most(prenominal)ly through pushing for maximum-hour, right-to-strike, and child-labor laws) to thus be able to bargain decent wages for working stack, the history of conservative America has, from its earliest days grounded in slavery and indentured workers from Europe, been to increase the supply of labor and drive down its cost.The Latino people who immigrated here had motives varied from those of the businesses bringing them here to an immigrant, America was a land of endless opportunities, where they could either settle their families and begin a new life or earn full money to return to their country of origin and live a comfortable life there.While some immigrants were no doubt coming to America to save criminal goals, the majority were everyday people looking for a better life for themselves and their families.The problems facing illegal immigrant s in the United States today are numerous. There are many who seek nothing more than to legalize their status as American citizens, while former(a)s would be happy to solely receive work visas that would legalize their status within America and allow them to work without fear of harassment, arrest or deportation. Among the many problems that immigrants face are the followingThe type and shade of education available to these new residentsdesperate to learn sideand to their children. Economic issues the lack of secure jobs that pay an often undocumented population, and their resulting poor or move housing. Isolation in immigrant and refugee communities closing off from services that could help them, as well as the emotional isolation caused by the stress.Prejudice and discrimination that new immigrants and refugees grow over they face, as well as the cultural differences that may deter them from seeking and receiving services.The language barrier is perhaps the most important ba rrier facing these immigrants. The unfitness to speak slope in America is a warning sign the person may be an illegal immigrant, it is harder to read signs or directions, many services are staffed by incline speakers and therefore may be unavailing to understand what the Spanish speaker wants and it is harder to apply for jobs if the person is unable to decipher what the application is asking of them. For most Americans, this isnt an issue facing them, but for an illegal immigrant with limited access to educational opportunities or translators, it is a major hurdle that they may be unable to overcome.The inability to speak incline is a major hurdle in areas with robust law enforcement and laws that are in place to defy and deport illegal immigrants. In Arizona, laws are on the books that allow police to check the immigration status of anyone pulled over. This could be as simple as an military officer walking by a group of Latinos speaking in the native tongue andasking for pa pers.If they cant provide documentation, they could be arrested as illegal aliens, creating an atmosphere where people are hydrophobic to be caught using their own language, but are unable to communicate effectively enough in English to get the help they need to master it. The major problem with this is that people oftentimes complain that immigrants dont want to learn English, but the ones that do are unable to access the tools or services they need to meet this requirement.The inability to read signs is another enormous hurdle facing immigrants many signs are in English only and may contain important directions or warnings that people who are unable to speak or read in English wont be able to understand. Road construction warnings, directions to important launchings like hospitals or hazard warnings due to inclement weather will be beyond the ability of these people to either follow or fathom. If an immigrant is injure while working on a remote job site and is unable to speak E nglish, they wont be able to call emergency services for a paramedic.If this occurs, the only recourse is for another worker to drive the injure party to a nearby hospital. If the person is severely injured, possibly bleeding heavily and neither person in the vehicle can read the English language directions, valuable minutes may be wasted while they drive aimlessly looking for a hospital that would be easily reached by someone with the ability to read the signs directing them to the hospitals location.Another important hurdle is that non-English speakers have fewer labor protections than English speakers do. An unscrupulous business owner could take advantage of the fact that these people are unlikely to go to the authorities if they are taken advantage of and then under pay, force them to work in unsafe conditions or work hours that an English speaker would know were illegal and would be able to get the help to fix a stop to it. A non-English speaker may be afraid to come forward and risk arrest or deportation and will then simply endure the miserable conditions and continue to work for less than fair pay.Immigrants are often identified as a vulnerable populationthat is, a group at increased risk for poor physical, psychological, and social healthoutcomes and inadequate health anxiety.(healthaffairs.org) Vulnerability is shaped by many factors, including political and social marginalisation and a lack of socioeconomic and societal resources. Addressing the health care needs of immigrant populations is challenging both because of the heterogeneity of this group and because recent federal and state policies have restricted some immigrants access to health care.These policies have exacerbated existing differences in access (for example, legal residents versus undocumented and long-term residents versus recent arrivals). The stigma associated with some forms of immigration status (for example, undocumented versus refugee) can also contribute to vulnerability. T his is a different issue than that of reading signs adequately the inability to properly speak in English puts immigrants in a dangerous situation where they are oftentimes working in unsafe conditions but are unable to obtain health care in case of an injury. A debilitating injury could not only cost the immigrant their job, but put them at risk of further harm when they cant get the medical care that would be required to properly nurse them back to health.This puts an enormous strain not only on the families of the injured workers, but on the low cost health care alternatives available in the areas that immigrants live in, as they wont be able to put up with proper care at a hospital and are relegated to seeking recourse at a free clinic or some similar institution. When this occurs, these institutions are unable to keep up with the demands placed on them by their normal clientele and are laboured to back log cases resulting in even more harm to the health of all the affected in dividuals. This spiraling problem could conceivably become so dire that entire areas are denied health care access while the back log is cleared out.The next hurdle facing immigrants is the quality of education available to both themselves and their families. Non-English speakers in areas where their native tongue is not used frequently may be unable to gain access to schools or teachers who could either teach the English or provide education at a level befitting their intelligence instead of teaching them more basic information because it is assumed that the inability to speak English denotes a accomplishment disorder instead of simply being a problem caused by coming from a country where English is not the language spoken mostfrequently.Much of the participation gap can be explained by just a few economic and socio-demographic factors, the authors find. To some extent, the factors that affect disadvantaged immigrant children resemble those of their in addition disadvantaged nati ve counterparts. Affordability, availability, and access to ECE programs are structural barriers for many immigrant families, as they are for disadvantaged families more generally.Language barriers, bureaucratic complexity, and distrust of government programs, oddly among undocumented immigrants, are unique challenges that may prevent some immigrant families from taking advantage of ECE programs, even when their children might qualify for subsidies. Cultural preferences for parental care at home can also be a barrier.Housing is another major issue facing immigrants, especially illegal ones. These people are forced to live in the most destitute areas due to the low paying jobs they take and since they have no formal status as American citizens, will often times crowd into homes too small for the number of people living there, creating dangerous situations much(prenominal) as fire hazards or the spread of disease.These houses may also lack basic amenities, which can lead to sickness in the weaker members of a family or to a lack of hygiene which will further flub the immigrants ability to secure work or better housing. Like all renters, immigrants have faced an economic squeeze over the past decade, as rents have risen while incomes have remained flat. The median income for households headed by foreign-born in the raw Yorkers is $35,500, significantly less than the median income of native bornheaded households.Even as the city has seen high levels of new construction, the number of units that are affordable for low- to middle-income families has decreased precipitously. From 2002 to 2005, the city lost more than 205,000 units affordable to the typical household. The median monthly rent for unsubsidized apartments in the city increased by 8 percent, while the citywide median income fell by 6.3 percent. For unsubsidized low-income renters a group that includes a disproportionate dowry of immigrants the typical share of earnings spent on rent rose from 43 pe rcent to more than half of income, in just three years.The foreclosure crisis is worsen the problem, and even drop in real estate prices is providing little relief. Rent declines are concentrated in Manhattan luxury housing, the only part of the market with a high vacancy rate. In the outer boroughs, where most New Yorkers and most immigrants live, widespread foreclosures are leading to the eviction of tenants and homeowners alike.The next major issue is that of isolation in immigrant communities. Many immigrants are very aware of the negative public opinion of illegal immigrants and even if they are here legally, may be afraid they will be viewed in the same light as those who did not arrive in the appropriate manner.This isolation can result in depression, medicate use or an inability to access medical and social services that they are in dire need of. An immigrant who feels isolated by public mash may pull his or her children from public schools, further exacerbating the educa tional crisis facing many of them and creating another generation of immigrants unable or seemingly unvoluntary to assimilate into American culture.Past interrogation on immigration has conceptualized the fitting of immigrants to their new cultural and social environment as a multifaceted swear out involving different patterns and strategies. From a broad perspective, adaptation is a process of change and adjustment to new environmental conditions. Although there is no agreement in research on how to define and measure adaptation while moving from one culture to another, it has been suggested that most migrants go through initial culture shock, which has significant consequences for their wellbeing.The extent and outcomes of this culture shock and following adaptation may depend on many factors, from cultural distance to migration motivation and expectations. Adaptation of immigrants can be defined as the process of fitting in to the society of settlement and functioning success fully in a new environment. Two distinct aspects of intercultural adaptation have been identified on the basis of past research. The first is socio-cultural adaptation, which is based on the culture learning approach and reflects the ability to engage in p uttermostic interaction with a different culture.The other is psychological adjustment, which facilitates the individuals sense of wellbeing, positive appraisal ofsituations and general satisfaction with life. This as noted is with Russians into New Zealand but American immigrants face the same challenges as does any immigrant anywhere.The final major hurdle facing immigrants is that of prejudiced attitudes by the citizens of the host country. As seen in some parts of America today, there are a number of people with negative attitudes towards all immigrants, legal or illegal. When added to the problems already facing immigrants, this last obstacle can prove almost insurmountable. An immigrant may have the best intentions of assim ilating into the host countries society, but find the avenues to do this blocked by people in positions of power who do their utmost to prevent them from making headway, either by creating laws to hamper immigrants from arriving or becoming successful, to denying them basic services and amenities that they need in order to become part of the culture or to take care of their families.Were highly dependent on people in our own groups. In fact, one could argue that our highly ultra-social, interdependent form of group living may be the most important human adaptation. People tend to be invested in members of their groups, to have ongoing histories of fair exchanges and reciprocal relations, to treat one another reasonably well, to create and follow a set of agreed-upon norms, and thereby build up trust.Outsiders arent going to have that same built-up investment in us or our group. Because of this, we tend to believe that people who are foreign to us are more likely to pose certain kind s of scourges We believe they may be more interested in taking our resources, more likely to cheat us in exchanges, to violate our norms and values, to take more than their fair share, and the like. These perceptions of threats are linked to negative emotions such as anger and moral disgust that contribute to anti-immigrant prejudices.The solutions to these problems are as varied as the problems themselves. In order to help alleviate the problem of illegal immigration, an easier to utilize and more streamlined policy for legal immigration is a must. A good system would involve fast tracking candidates who possess skills needed in America, while providing a system for normal laborers to get in quickly as well.A way to help new immigrants would be to set up camps where theycould learn English and important facets of American culture and law while waiting for their paperwork to process. The system could be set up to require that these new immigrants show a basic competency in English and maneuvering through American society before they are granted full citizenship. There have been a number of programs and ideas put forth to help immigrants, with such as the fancy Act.Over three million students graduate from U.S. high schools every year. Most get the opportunity to test their dreams and live their American story. However, a group of approximately 65,000 youth do not get this opportunity they are smeared with an inherited title, an illegal immigrant. These youth have lived in the United States for most of their lives and want nothing more than to be recognized for what they are, Americans. The DREAM Act is a bipartisan legislation pioneered by Sen.Orin Hatch R-UT and Sen. Richard Durbin D-IL that can solve this hemorrhaging impairment in our society. Under the rigorous provisions of the DREAM Act, qualifying undocumented youth would be eligible for a 6 year long qualified path to citizenship that requires completion of a college degree or two years of milita ry service.An example of one policy that aims to help immigrants shows how much added pressure is put on immigrants in order to satisfy the political views of prejudiced voters, A bipartisan group of U.S. senators on Tuesday unveiled long-awaited landmark legislation to remove the threat of deportation for millions of illegal immigrants, giving them an opportunity to apply for permanent legal status within 10 years and eventually for U.S. citizenship.Under the proposal, undocumented immigrants who came to America before Dec. 31, 2011 and stayed continuously could apply for provisional legal status as soon as six months after the bill is signed by the president. But beyond that, they would have to wait, perhaps for a decade or more without receiving federal benefits, while the government meets a host of tough conditions for securing U.S. borders and enforcing current immigration law.The bills sponsors four Democrats and four Republicans -felt such conditions and enforcement triggers to be necessary in order to help it succeed where similar measures have failed, mostly because of opposition to what opponents see as amnesty for law-breakers.This policy at first seems like a great start towards helping immigrants, but the hurdles and thenumber of caveats attached make it so difficult for these people to attain that a great many of them, especially those of limited education, may simply continue subsisting the way they have instead of doing all the work required knowing that there would still be a long wait until they were recognized as full citizens.In closing, my opinion is that the Dream Act is the basis that elected officials should use to craft future immigration reform. It offers attainable goals, the timeline is short and if the goals are met, the immigrants will have proven that they are as American as those born here. While the Dream Act only helps children of illegal immigrants, similar provisions could be added into such a law to help the adult members of this community become full citizens.Rather than viewing immigrants as an obstacle that we must overcome, we should instead remember that at one time, all Americans were immigrants and that this country was founded on the ideal that it would provide safety and respite to those in need and those who wanted to become a member of this society. An influx of vibrant people from other cultures only opens the doors to new ideas, new business opportunities and potentially new friends.BibliographyPeter Morton Coan, Toward a Better Life Americas New Immigrants in Their Own WordsFrom Ellis Island to the Present. Prometheus Books 2011.Stephen Yale-Loehr, Green peak Stories. Umbrage Editions 2011. Common Dreams. Stop Allowing the Wealthy to Treat Undocumented Immigrants Like Slaves https//www.commondreams.org/view/2013/03/13-10Kathryn Derose. Immigrants And Health Care Sources Of Vulnerabilityhttp//content.healthaffairs.org/content/26/5/1258.full fix Lander. Confronting the Housing Squeeze Ch allenges Facing Immigrant Tenants, and What New York offer Dohttp//prattcenter.net/sites/default/files/publications/Confronting%20the%20Housing%20Squeeze.pdf Randal Archibold. Arizona Enacts Stringent Law on Immigration.http//www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/us/politics/24immig.html?_r=0 Lake Snell Perry Mermin. Challenges Facing New Immigrants and Refugeeshttp//www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/21623.pdf Harvard Magazine. Uneasy Neighbors A Brief History of Mexican-U.S. Migrationhttp//harvardmagazine.com/2007/05/uneasy-neighbors-a-brief-html Dream act FAQS. http//dreamact.info/faq/11n5252Karoly, LA. Early care and education for children in immigrant familieshttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21465856Sophie Bushwick. What Causes Prejudice against Immigrants, and How Can It Be Tamed? http//www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-causes-prejudice-aga Elise Foley. Dream Act To Be Reintroduced In House As Immigration Push Growshttp//www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/07/dream-a ct_n_2639187.html

Evaluation of a multiprofessional community stroke team Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of a multiprofessional fellowship fortuity team EssayThe study aims to conclusively evaluate how effective it is to employ a specialist participation stroke team for the rehabilitation of stroke victims in a community based setting. This is clearly established at within the opening lines of the article. In the abbreviation at the beginning of the article the cause claims that the available evidence is inconclusive and his aim is to provide conclusive proof with regards to evidence based practise for the patient. A research article should state its aims clearly and should assume the audience has no previous background knowledge (Greenhalg, 2006). The literature reviewed in this article was from a miscellany of sources such as the Cochrane database and a selection of journal articles. On this basis the authors were able to deduce that previous research carried out provided contradicting reports. For example Roderick et al (2001) as cited by Lincoln et al (2004) found no significant difference in the effectiveness of rehabilitation which had taken place in the home to that which had occurred in a hospital setting. On the contrary Gladman et al (1993) as cited by Lincoln et al (2004) found a significant difference in a small group of younger patients.It was to a fault suggested that there was a shift of focus from mainly hospital based rehabilitation to community based rehabilitation of stroke patients. According to Polger and Thomas (2008) a literature review should provide appropriate background information. That is, it should show the current knowledge level in that celestial sphere of study. The author appears to fuck off utilised much of his own previous work in the study and some are more than ten years old. This could perchance be an indication that indeed, there is a large gap in knowledge of this subject country.On the other hand it may indicate that the author has done a selective search of the literature. A quantitative appro ach was utilised in this study and the method used was a Randomised Controlled test (RCT). The articles methodology was well documented. According to Sim and Wright (2000) an analytic study attempts to quantify the relationship between devil factors, that is, the effect of an intervention or exposure on an outcome. A term used to describe the envision randomized controlled trial tally to Greenhalgh (2006) is Parallel group comparison.This is when each group receives a different treatment and both are entered into the experiment at the same time. By comparing the groups an abridgment is provided. In the Lincoln et al (2004) study Participants were divided into two groups, A and B with the former receiving routine armorial bearing while the latter real the intervention rehabilitation with the multi-professional community stroke team. The question posed by the authors could have been answered victimization a qualitative approach. The question could possible state Evaluation of a multiprofessional community stroke team a phenomenological study.SAMPLE Altman (1991) states that a study should have enough participants recruited in order to detect a significant effect if one exists. The savour group consisted of patients referred to the Nottingham Community Stroke Team who had suffered a stroke within the last two years, who were over sixteen years old and needed intervention from more than one multidisciplinary team member. Patients who lived outside the geographical area and/or had been treated by the community stroke team in the preceding two years were excluded.Four hundred and twenty eight patients were randomly selected at the start of the trial and randomly allocated to either convention A or Group B. An phantasm resulted in seven people being recruited twice. This error was corrected by including only the outcome of their initial recruitment when the results were being analyzed. The quarry population of this study is relatively clearly defined (pa tients who have had a stroke within last two years, over the age of sixteen, etc ) and lends credence to the external validity of the study (Payton, 1994).According to Sim and Wright (2000) the accessible population is the portion of the target population that is available to the researcher and the sample is then taken from this accessible population. The groups are similar to each other with regards to gender and age distribution this also increases the validity of the study as this similarity reduces the variables of the study. The overall population was a convenience sample which was then randomized to two groups.Six months after randomization all the patients were sent a letter asking them to consent to being in a study to evaluate the input of a community stroke team. According to Lincoln et al (2004) the consent forms and outcome questionnaires were sent this late so as to reduce bias. It was thought that group A which was receiving routine care would have lower expectations if confronted with the realization that the alternate group may receive superior care. Some would possibly insist on being referred to the specialist community stroke team The Local Research Ethics Committee granted ethical approval for this study to go ahead.This indicates that the value of the research undertaken outweighed any harm that this consenting method may have caused as patients in Group A were still receiving routine care. However, the department of health has issued guidelines which state that participants must be consented and all pertinent information given prior to the start of any study. Data was collected via a questionnaire comprising of the Barthel Index, Extended ADL, General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12) and Euroquol.The participants were also asked to rate their knowledge of the expected extent of recovery from their stroke, and their overall satisfaction with the services they received from the community stroke team. The use of a questionnaire for data a ssemblage has both negative and positive aspects. Greenhalgh (2006) states that a questionnaire is an instrument used to measure human psychology, so whilst sending the questionnaire via post proves to be cost effective as the alternative would be to hold face to face interviews with the participants as focus groups or individually, it raises concerns about the reliability of the study.This is because the researcher is not present to interpret nervus facialis expressions and body language when the participants answer the questions. The alternative of conducting face to face interviews with such a large number of participants would prove to be costly and time consuming. However, according to Oppenheim (2003) long questionnaires are sometimes off putting and may generate low response rates, conducting these questionnaires via the postal service could possibly increase the likelihood of a low response rate.The results were shown as a table and diagram, the Mann-Whitney U-test which wa s used to compare the groups showed no significant differences on independence in personal or slavish activities of daily living or on the patients mood. There was also no significant difference between the groups in their knowledge with regards to the resources available to assist them in adjusting to life after a stroke. There was also no difference between the two groups with overall satisfaction or in satisfaction with the working helped received.However, patients in the Community Stroke Team were significantly more satisfied with the emotional care they received. (Lincoln et al, 2004) According to Wright et al (2009) the Mann-Whitney U-test is used when one group from the sample is larger than the other and when both samples are from the same population, as is the case with this study. There was no significant difference in carers mood between the two groups. However, the hit on carers of patients seen by the community stroke team was significantly less than that of carers o f patients randomized to the routine care group.The carers of patients in the community stroke team group were significantly more satisfied with their knowledge of stroke and had higher overall satisfaction than the carers of those in the routine group. By utilizing the randomized controlled trial design the author lends credence to its validity as this design allows for the eradication of systematic bias. (Sim et al, 2000) This was done through the sampling process of selecting the participants from the target population and randomly allocating them to Group A which received routine care or Group B those in the care of the community stroke team.The collection of data by victimisation a postal questionnaire helps to blind the researcher as he cannot influence the participants response. Although some participants did not respond to the questionnaire, others responded with incomplete forms, some died and a few were recruited twice, the author is cognizant of this and make ups it int o his findings. Crombie (2000) states that if the withdrawals and failures to respond can be seen as being consistent between both comparison groups then the results of the research will not be negatively impacted upon.This is because the results show that these failures are random among both groups and not specific to one. However one major fault is the fact that the services received by Group A were not collected due to impracticalities and unreliable recollections of the patients. Critical appraisal is not just an exercise in fault finding, it is the analysis of these faults and the assessment of their potential impact on the research which allows the reader to come to a decision regarding the strength or usefulness of the article being critiqued.In order for the research results to be utilized in clinical practice its reliability and validity are essential aspects which need to be covered. (Polger and Thomas, 2008) This article shows a research that was methodically sound and we ll designed. The sample was representative of the population being examined and attempts were made to minimize bias. The author was aware of the shortfalls of this research and attempted to incorporate this in his findings however, most of the issues identified did not affect the results of the study. The study if repeated would provide comparable results.However, the author states that the study provides evidence supporting the use of a community based stroke team to assist in the rehabilitation of stroke patients because of the increased emotional support for patients and greater satisfaction and reduced strain on carers. This statement would have been better justified on results from a qualitative study as this type of study aims to interpret peoples emotional and psychological response to the intervention or interventions being employed. The results from such a study would be closer to the patients and carers true feelings as the methodology layabout that study would be differe nt.

Looking At The Exploitation Of Women To Men English Literature Essay

Looking At The Exploitation Of Wo workforce To Men English Literature EssaySelden states that, Rhys presents the idea of a woman as an imprisoned victim oppressed by the standards and ideals prevailing in the aged, phallogecentric society dominated by the male form of logos, spoken communication (selden139).Rhys female protagonist is the victim of domination and humiliation due to the system of gray and colonial oppression which is prevalent in England and Jamaica. In Wide sargassum ocean Jean Rhys reveals patriarchal agency as dominating and unhealthy. These patriarchal power structures ar present in economic, legal, family and educational systems in Rhyss novel. This patriarchal power affects the lives of all the characters in Rhyss novel because they all belong to a patriarchal society.This is the story of Antoinettes Cos direction who is isolated by her Victorian husband who locked her up and drives her mad. She is left solely by her husband in the patriarchal society and become helpless and trapped ilk a ship struck in gulfweed Sea by the British. Through her portrayal of female characters in her novel, Rhys exposes how wo men are legally and financially dependent on men around them. When we consider the situation of Antoinettes mother, Annette, who is economically dependent upon men, we contribute at once nonice that in patriarchal society economic inequality exist. When Annettes first husband died, she recovers that her second union is the come up for her to escape from her action at Coulibri where she is rejected by blacks because of her Creole heritage and may be able to retrieve status among her peers.Maria olaussen states that, Annette signifies the gender political orientation in the patriarchal economic system, since she need to be provided for by men. She uses her beauty as her whole means to compete with other women in search for English protection and economic support (Olausen103). When Wide gulfweed Sea was written it was tha t time when wedlock was considered as a mean to get economic support.Antoinette is non able to free herself from Rochesters brutality and cruelty because she has no financial independence. All of the money was saltationn to her husband, Mr. Rochester when she married him. In Victorian times, there was a virtue that women could not held property in their names, up to now if they inherited that property from their parents. It was still in the custody of their husbands.Patriarchal law prohibits women from inheriting money if there is a son in the family, the inheritance runs in the male line. Mr. Masons son, Richard Mason, represents patriarchal law, since, he after his fathers death, become the lawful provider and protector of Antoinette. He makes her decisions and arranges her conglutination to Mr. Rochester, without agree (olaussen108-9).The feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, who wrote in 1972 nigh patriarchal education systems in Vindications of the Rights of women, questioned w hy only men were prepared for professions and not women. She believed that, this was the undercoat for womens needs for espousal they had to marry in order to be economically supported (wollstonecraft150).But Jean Rhys in Wide Sargasso Sea denies Wollstonecraft theories in one aspect, that marriage with Antoinette is necessary for Mr. Rochester because he will not inherit from his father as he is the youngest son in the family. By marrying Antoinette, he saves her wealth and in this way she becomes completely economically dependent upon Mr. Rochester. In the patriarchal family structures of Victorian era, father has authority over his wife and his children. Women and children are legally and economically dependent upon their fathers or husbands. Mr. Rochester uses his patriarchal power to drive Antoinette crazy. She is dependent upon him because of the patriarchal power structures in society ( some(prenominal) legally and economically) and wherefore, it is not possible for her to leave Mr. Rochester.In Wide Sargasso Sea, marriage increases the wealth of men by allowing them power to possess their wives inheritance. If we critically examine the condition of Annette and Antoinette womanhood is similar to a kind of child like dependence on the nearest men. In fact, it is the dependence that contributes to the tragic end of both Annette and Antoinette. Both women marry whiten English men in the hopes of assuaging their fears as vulnerable outsiders, but both men betray and abandon them.As Teresa OConnor puts it, the level of betrayal ranges from the cultural and historical implicit in the relationship mingled with blacks and whites to the familical and filial levels.In Wide Sargasso Sea, it appears that the one quality of Antoinette that best express her through out the novel is her dependency in others. From her friendship with Tia, to her marriage with Rochester, Antoinette is just in search for happiness. After the fervent down of her house by the slaves in part one, Antoinette has no one in her life, and she is all alone. Her brother Perrie dies and her mother gets mad, therefore, she marries Rochester because she wants to feel safe again. She needs someone to protect her from the ill-treatment that her mother experiences through out her life as a single woman. You are safe, Id say. Shed like that-to be told you are safe. Or Id touch her gently and touch her tears (pg.78). These lines from Mr. Rochester shows that Antoinette wants to be feel safe and secure.Since Rhys is a West-Indian, she wants to reveal a truth about the limit of literary standards that supposes a shared white heritage in its audience. She draws an unflattering picture of patriarchal society in the icon of Mr. Mason. When Annette describes the troubles of her sisters married life to and specially describes her husbands oppressive and dominating behavior to Mr. Mason, his answer to Annette was, thats her story. I dont believe it. He successfully and unsympathet ically silences the Creole womens voice. Rhys wanted to give voice to this silent woman and raise this silent women voice in her novel Wide Sargasso Sea.In patriarchal society the man is the boss and educated existence. Mr. Rochester gets irritated by Antoinette when he tries to teach her about England and she denies the beauty of industrialized England in comparison with West Indies.Is it true, she said, that England is like a dream? Well, I answered annoyed, that is precisely how your beautiful island seems to me, quite unreal and like a dream.But how can rivers and mountains and the sea be unreal? And how can millions of people, their houses and their streets be unreal? more easily, she said, much more easily. Yes a big city must be like a dream (pg67)Mr. Rochester feels embarrassment in accepting his wifes superior intimacy about the West Indies, as he is completely a Victorian, patriarchal Englishman. Antoinette tries to teach about the nature and life of West Indies becaus e he is a cutting comer in her island. But Mr. Rochester is that kind of a person who believes that to be taught by a woman is a sign of weakness and inferiority. He belongs to that course of instruction of men who wants to maintain their superiority over women. This is the reason that Mr. Rochester opposes his wifes concepts about England and West Indies. The patriarchal educational system of the 18th century was criticized by Mary Wollstonecraft, who wrote that men preserved womens innocence by keeping them ignorant (131).If she was a child she was not a stupid child but an obstinate one. She often questioned me about England and listened attentively to my answers, but I was certain that nothing I said made much difference. Her mind was already made up. Some romantic novel, a star remark never forgotten, a sketch, a picture, a song, a waltz, some note of music, and her ideas were fixed. About England and about Europe. I could not change them and in all likelihood nothing would. Reality might discontent her, bewilder her, hurt her, but it would not be reality. It would be only a mistake, a misfortune, a prostitute path taken, her fixed ideas would never change.Nothing that I told her influenced her at all (pg78).This statement shows that Antoinettes resistance in his attempt to educate her annoys him. He feels that he can not influence her thoughts and ideas. thusly, he is scared to accept his lack of knowledge because it would lead to his loss of control over her.Teresa F. O Connor explains that Mr. Rochester, who comes from the male-identified England, is protected by Antoinette when he lives in her female identified West Indies. I agree with Teresa F. O Connor that their economic consumptions are reversed and that Mr. Rochester is afraid of finding himself in a female role in a female world (148-49).Personal tragedies which are founded in patriarchal societies are expressed through dramatization, imagery and characterization right from the opening n ight pages. All the characters in Wide Sargasso Sea are imprisoned in patriarchal social structure and it lead to their tragic end. In suggesting, the leafy vegetable working of fascism, racism and bourgeois patriarchy, the persecutory power of the modern religion of intolerance (carr12). Rhys echoes Virginia Woolf, who argued in Three Guineas that, patriarchy, racism, pomposity, militarism, economic exploitation, autocracy and fascism are all part of the alike process (carr51).Rhys reveals the hidden working of patriarchy by explaining how both Antoinette and Rochester are trapped and conditioned by the dominant patriarchal law. The marriage of Antoinette and Rochester is set in the patriarchal world. If we read Wide Sargasso Sea on deeper level we can see that Rochesters marriage to Antoinette is parallel to a business contract. His statement that, I will trust you if you trust me? Would appear to demonstrate that he does not want to give the unconditional security and beloved which she desires. However, by uttering the line, is it a covenant? It gives us a clue that what are the real motives of Rochester for marrying Antoinette. Everyone knows that Bargain is an economic term and it does not exist in the marriage of two people. But this marriage is like a bargain for Rochester, because he is able to gain wealth which he desired for and Antoinette is able to feel safe after all the sufferings which she faces in part one of the Wide Sargasso Sea. Rhys portrays Rochester as a person who implies the patriarchal set of laws ( trip outism, colonialism, the English law and the law which the patriarchal society imposes and which creates sanity and insanity) that trapped Antoinette Cosway.Both the female characters Annette and Antoinette are familiarly exploited in this patriarchal world. Men in the patriarchal society can be seen as tyrants having every right to deprive women from their innocence. They demoralized womens sexuality and innocence in the same wa y as falcon hunts its prey. As Rhys writes, the men did as they liked. The women-never. In Wide Sargasso Sea, Rhys illustrates that men consider women as a pieces of sexual pleasure. They take women for granted and consider them as a life less creature, not having feelings and emotions like a doll. The most important episode in the novel is the scene of Antoinettes mother with the black man. It also contains the motifs of race and sex which are substitution in the novel. As Antoinette says in the text remembering the helplessness and pain of her mother,I remember the dress she was wearing-an evening dress cut very low, and she was barefooted. in that respect was a fat black man with a glass of rum in his hand. He said drink it and you will forget. She drank it without stopping. I saw his speak fasten on hers and she went all soft and limp in his arms and he laughed.This incident happened when Annette was under the take care of black couple. After the burning down of her house and death of her son Perrie she starts exhibiting the signs of emotionally unbalanced woman. Therefore, Mr. Mason assigned black couple to take care of her. This scene depicts the subjugation of women by male authority in a patriarchal world. This scene has also its roots grounded in racial conflicts. The mothers dreadful condition is clearly the result of strike back on the owners of Coulibri by the black slaves. After the emancipation act black slaves wants to take revenge on their ex-slaves owners because of the brutal treatment which they receive from the hands of white people.In Victorian society, men treat women cruelly. They think women are only there for them to provide sexual pleasures. Antoinette and Rochesters marriage can be seen in this perspective. Mr. Rochester only appreciates Antoinette for her external beauty. I wonder why I never realized how beautiful she was. This statement shows that Mr. Rochester is only sexually attracted towards his wife. He has only a sexual lust for her and this yearn does not show a true feeling of love for her. Even Mr. Rochester confesses this kind of feeling for her wife. He states, I did not love her. I was thirsty for her, but that is not love. I felt very little tenderness for her, she was a stranger to me, a stranger who did not think or feel as I did (pg78).According to Howells, Rochester belongs to that patriarchal world where women are luxury items to be bought, enjoyed and discarded.Through out the novel, Mr. Rochester is consistently shown as being hostile, cruel and unloving towards her wife. Christophine tells Antoinette, that he is hard as a board. He belongs to that patriarchal world where men substitutes love with sex and domination. He wants to break Antoinette up like an aggressive warrior. As Christophine keeps repeating to him, all you want is to break her up (126).In all of Rhyss works sexuality is the most important theme. It was more often than not due to the idea that men dominate women in al l aspects. They want control and repress womens sexually. And Rochester here is not only shown as a patriarchal husband but he is also shown as a Victorian who believes that women sexuality should be repressed. Here Rhys illustrates that men want to link women with death, just for the reason to control and suppress them. They kill women to repress them and here Rochester does the same thing to Antoinette. Die wherefore Die I watched her die many times. In my way, not in hers. In sunlight, in shadow, by moonlight, by candle light. In the long afternoons, when the house was empty. Only the sun was there to keep us partnership (Rhys pg.77).Angier indicate Rhyss idea about men and love, men rob love with sex (Angier543).In the Victorian patriarchal society, men think about sex equivalent to love. They believed that feeling of love and sex is alike. Therefore, when Antoinette offers herself to love her, Rochester replies her only with sexual desires because has no feeling of love for h er. He is cold in his feelings of love for Antoinette and therefore, he is emotionally a stone. This shows Mr. Rochesters patriarchal and unloving attitude towards her which kills Antoinette emotionally and she transforms into a Zombie, a living dead, in Voodoo or Obeah.In Wide Sargasso Sea, Mr. Rochester has been shown as the ultimate in patriarchal tyranny, but other male characters in this novel also exhibit deep-rooted feelings of misogyny, including Mr. Mason and Daniel. Rhys undoubtedly laments these men who deprived all of the female characters in this novel from their agency. Conventional aspects are traditionally associated with women, such as having propensity to mental illness, or being illogical, frivolous, depended, decorative, subordinate, scheming, manipulative, weak, jealous, gossiping, vulnerable and deceitful. Marriage of Antoinette and Rochester is marked with suspicion, betrayal and misunderstanding right from the beginning of their marriage.When Mr. Rochester re ceives the letter from Antoinettes half brother, Daniel Cosway, in which Daniel has written about Antoinettes mad mother and her drunkard father, he is not surprised. And when he came to know about Antoinettes love affair with her cousin Sandy, he became more aggressive and cruel towards her. The feeling of jealousy takes control of him. Thus the issue of trust is play out between Rochester and Antoinettes relationship.Although Mr. Rochester is only concerned with material success as Christophine says to Rochester, Everybody know that you marry her for her money and you take it all. And then you want to break her up, because you jealous of her (pg125). This statement reveals the fact that Rochester married Antoinette only for her money and does not love her. But still he wants to possess her in order to show his patriarchal power over her. He believes that she belongs to him and is therefore not allowed to leave him and love someone else. I tell you she loves no one, anyone. I could not touch her. Expecting as the hurricane will touch that tree-and break it. You say I did? No. that was loves fierce play. Now Ill do it. She ill not laugh in the sun again. Shell not dress up and smile at herself in that damnable looking glass. So pleased, so satisfied. Vain, dizzy creature. Made for loving? Yes, but shell have no lover, for I dont want her and shell see no other (Rhys 136).Though, Mr. Rochester feel hatred towards Antoinette, he still feels that she belongs to him. He does not want Antoinette to lead an independent life, because it would result in loosing his patriarchal power and dominance over his wife. Therefore, he refuses to let her leave him. Despite the fact that Mr. Rochester married Antoinette only for her money, he still feels that he is attracted towards her wifes exotic beauty and the beauty of her island. He does not want to fall for their charms and vastness and thus he denies the attraction he feels towards the island and his wife.I hated the mo untains and the hills, the rivers and the rains. I hated the sunsets of whatever color, I hated its beauty and its magic and the secret I would never know. I hated its indifference and the cruelty which was part of its loveliness. Above all I hated her. For she belonged to the magic and the loveliness. She had left me thirsty and all my life would be thirst and longing for what I had lost before I found it (Rhys).This quotation describes Mr. Rochester as a colonizer. As an Englishman, he wants to colonize both his wife and her island. His strict Victorian breeding and patriarchal values makes him obsessed with control and dominance. He does not want to fall love with her wife and her island, even though he is attracted towards them, because of the fact that he wants to maintain his patriarchal power to control and dominate them. Thus, by acting blindly to the attractions he feels towards his wife and her island, he condemns Antoinette and her world and in this way he tries to protec t himself.All the sufferings and miseries which Antoinette suffers through out her life are due to the fact that in Victorian patriarchal society women were considered to be the source to bring sexual pleasures to their husbands. Men treat women in the same manner as somebody treat the servant or an animal. Women in Victorian societies are thought to be weak, helpless creatures that are unable to think for themselves. Men believed that it was the law of bible that males are superior to females, therefore they have a right to treat them as they like.

Economic Development In Taiwan And South Korea Economics Essay

Economic Development In mainland China And southward Korea economics EssayIn the mid 1900s, the poorest countries were still not suitable to develop at a faster rate than the advanced countries. But surprisingly full there were two countries in Asia that developed very(prenominal) rapidly but did so without experiencing the customary great and increasing inequalities and the emergence of mass unemployment. These two countries were from the convocation of Four Tigers, mainland China and South Korea. Both Taiwan and South Korea did have similarities in their historic traditions but also developed upon different economic policies. When we berate about economic development it usually includes three parts economic growth, distribution of wealth, and quality of life. Therefore, in this critique essay, I will be talk of the town about how Taiwan and South Korea were similar and different in terms of developing its economy based upon Tibor Scitovskys essay on Economic Development in Taiwan and South Korea, 1965-1981.Taiwan and South Korea were able to be successful in developing their country due to similarities in tradition and background. First, the two countries share a common Chinese tradition and Confucian philosophy. From this tradition and philosophy, getting a high level of education and increasing the level of skills have been very significant. Hence, after the war in 1940s, literacy rates have been rising considerably. Secondly, both countries have the capability and motivation to work hard which is also one of Chinese traditions. Even to this day, people from Asia are known to work hard for longer hours. In addition, the success to their economy was due to the flexibility in wages as well as having greater employment stability. As the countries followed the Chinese traditions, bonuses were given to their workers which resulted to a higher rate in personal savings. When the Japanese ruled oer both Taiwan and South Korea, they had helped the two cou ntries see a rise in agriculture productivity and infrastructure investment. Additionally, as the rule came to an end, the countries were able to hold on the decrease in inequalities of wealth. A big factor that assisted in equalizing the distribution of wealth was the land reforms distributed among small tenant farmers (landowners were also forced to tell on all their land for a price less than the market values).In the early 1960s, Taiwan had published the Nineteen-Point Economic Financial Reform of the Third Four-Year excogitate which encouraged many private manufacturing enterprises to make an investment. Many of these firms were heavy industries of steel, shipbuilding, and petrochemicals. And there were much more Taiwanese firms in terms of number privately possess manufacturing firms were much smaller than in Korea because of four significant reasons. One is the vast number of immigrants from China that brought 30% of the total inflow of foreign capital utilize for estab lishing independent firms. There was also higher rate in personal savings which allowed firms to easily secure the capital for establishing independent businesses. Knowing that Taiwan breach fulfilled the conditions of competition, firms were created to be smaller so it permitted newcomers to enter the market for a cheaper price. Lastly, Taiwan provides infrastructure facilities to enable new firms to establish. In observing these reasons, we can render that Taiwan and South Korea have very different monetary policies. The monetary policy for Taiwan has been keeping actual interest rates close to the level of equilibrium interest rate. Instead of keeping the interest rates low to provide low cost of investment for firms, even under ostentationary pressure, Taiwan had raised their interest rates. High interest rates encouraged saving, which became productive capital for firms and major force for anti-inflation. In result, the interest-rate monetary policy has both managed the infl ation and investment and growth.In contrast with Taiwans economic plan, South Korea policymakers have made general and forceful use of a wide range of incentives intended to calm private industrys close agreement with their plans. The main incentive is differential access to credit and concessionary cost of credit. Unlike Taiwan, the qualifying criteria for a borrower for low-cost credit in Korea have been far stricter. Hence, the low average interest rates have given the real interest cost of concessionary loans to be zero or lower. Because South Korea is very government-oriented, firms that do not follow the rules formed by the government do not get the loan applications accepted. This concludes that the authorities do have beefed-up control over the decision making in private firms firms that do follow the governments economic plans (the substantial credit and tax incentives) are enabled in the country. And in result, Korea has created twenty king-sized conglomerates.Overall, Taiwan has not only achieved great results in all three aspects, but it also has done quite well concord to other economic indicators. For example, it has enjoyed a mild inflation rate, low unemployment rate, and has accumulated vast foreign exchange reserves with almost no foreign debt. restrain natural resources and a high population density mean that Taiwan is not self-sufficient. Hence, foreign trade has come to play a leading utilization in Taiwans economic development. In addition, because exports from Taiwan have been very strong, Taiwan has not experienced any serious unemployment problem. Labor-intensive export firms have provided jobs to large number of people from both rural and urban areas. South Koreas economy grew rapidly under the rule of former President Park Jung Hee. The economy was able to develop as he shifted the countrys strategy to stimulating growth through export promotion. His policies encouraged private entrepreneurs. Businesses were given powerful inc entives to export, including preferential treatment in obtaining low-interest bank loans, import privileges, permission to borrow from foreign sources, and tax benefits. Therefore, it is inevitable to conclude which one of the two countries was more successful in developing their economy in this period of time. However, when we look at the economy today, South Korea has done an impressive job in bringing them into the position they are in now. Taiwan is still a small, resource-poor economy, vulnerable to foreign pressures, dependent on exports and dependent especially on the U.S. for markets and security.

Is Free Trade Possible?

Is unleash Trade Possible?Tom HobsonFree carry on is neither possible nor desirable. Do you agree with this Statement?Roger Scruton makes the claim put down hand is neither possible nor desirable in A policy-making Philosophy and takes a conservative g everywherenmental viewpoint in defence of subject sovereignty (2006). Taking the disk operating systemment within the realm of outside(a) policy-making economy it draws in the debate of the case of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in advancing innocuous trade as its aim, the economic debate surrounded by those who advocate easy trade from Adam Smith and David Ricardo and their modern advocates and those who oppose it including Joseph Stiglitz and an digest of the power relations that entail in free trade negotiations as well as the consequences answering first whether it is possible and secondly its degree of desirability. Free trade in a majority of production areas and scenarios is possible hardly its desirability is the key debate, the domestic consequences for both developing and essential states can interpolate theme economies in a globalised world. It is a complex issue that is largely approached through the WTO. Free trade has an impact on developmentalism for industrialising countries and is connected to hegemonic theories of world constitution to uphold the system. Free trade is a possible concept for a globalised world but it is largely undesirable when considering the human impact of market twitchs.Krasner argues that a hegemon is required for a global system of free trade to be viable, the essential principle is that the distribution of power amongst states dictates the international economic system. He highlighted the role of Britain during the 19th century and the US post World struggle One and marked the decline in power of the US up to the 1970s creation the precursor to the end of a liberal international free trade system. According to Krasner only an open hegemon has th e sufficient power to provide the public goods and each other system is inherently unstable (Krasner Webb, 1989, pp.183-184). alone in the contemporary international political economy with the rise of China economically and militarily aboard the supremacy of the US there are infact increases to the global liberalisation accomplishment (Chestnut Johnston, 2009, pp.252-253). Hegemonic constancy theory has a place in contemporary international political economy but it is not overriding.The realist hegemonic stability theory is very rigid for a free trade international system and empirical evidence shows it is dead on target that a hegemon can meet the public goods cost without jeopardising its own state security it isnt necessarily the only situation where free trade stemming from state power can flourish as we can see with the rising bipolar international system including China. Krasners theory concentrates on the Cold War era and how far the US was willing to open world trad e at its own expense in order to energise an advantage over the Soviet Union in absolute power (Krasner Webb, 1989, p.196). The state power relationship that Krasner offers for open trade in the global system is very win over in enclosures of state security and his realist perspective of the international political economy is as a part of international relations rather than separate. It shows that opposite word to Scrutons statement that free trade is possible within a system whereby public goods are met by a state or states are able to meet the demand without risk to their own security.But a more technical approach taken by Richard Baldwin on regionalism and its problems show that international trade is inhibited by the numerous regional rules and argues that a multilateralisation of the existing systems will be required for a truly global free trade system (Baldwin, 2006, p.1451). Two of the issues he analyses are the current lopsided negotiations whereby nations and interes t groups seek to minimise losses rather than maximise gains and race to the bottom impose contention unilateral negotiations as an alternative to regionalism and mulitlateralism which leads to fragmentation in the fork over chain (Ibid, 2006, pp.1469-1471). A good example of asymmetric negotiations can be seen between the US and China on tyres in 2009. The Interest groups of labour including United Steel and Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union pushed US negotiations to uncover tariffs on Chinese imports of tyres on the premise of saving US jobs and manufacturing (i.e. minimising losses). The result of US imposition of tariffs argued by Ilkensen is a cost to the consumer of $600-700 million annually which results in a cost of $300,000 annually per job saved (Ilkensen, 2009).This follows Baldwins argument that unilateral and asymmetric trade negotiations lead to strength in interest groups and worthless outcomes. It is also an example of Barry Eichengreens pe rspective on the role interest groups have on limiting policy of free trade with reference to the Smoot-Hawley tariffs of the 1930s, the movement towards protectionism by domestic pressure groups (Eichengreen, 2003, p.59). the strength of institutions beyond the state in affecting the outcomes of trade negotiations are able to prevent the posibility of free trade in the international political economy as this example and Eichengreen highlight. Further to this the position of Richard Baldwin on the strength of regionalism in forcing such action as well as inhibiting the prospect of global international free trade by having a multitude of incompatible rules and aims. The possibility of free trade is disputed the broad theory of Krasner would indicate that it is possible but the specifics of unilateral trade and regionalism show the limits of global free trade.Turning to whether free trade is desirable concentrates on the WTO and the effects of free trade. The comparative advantage of Smith and Ricardo according to Ilkensen applies in the supply chain of the globalised modern political economy beca economic consumption it is how countries ascend or descend the chain, liberalisation of trade restrictions allows producers to serve the global supply chain in specific areas of comparative advantage. He uses the example of the Ipod with highly skilled engineers in Californa and low wage manual(a) workers in China maintain low costs so that consumer prices are not high and members of the labour force can be freed to work in other sectors (Ilkensen,2009, pp.10-15).His argument rejects the idea of international trade being a zero sum game that is assumed by the critics of free trade, his emphasis is on productivity to create growth. The central argument is that all consumers benefit from free trade and the emphasis of the entire argument should shift from producers to consumers (Ibid 2009 pp.10-15). Ilkensens analysis of a global supply chain also rejects the premise of a global north/south divide and he argues that there is not national competition but global cooperation (Ibid, p.4). Similarly, the mutual reduction of tariffs ends the prisoners dilemma that ends in a Nash equilibrium that satisfies neither party and as argued by Subramanian the unquestionable nations in the WTO system have reduced their tariffs the most while allowing the rest to maintain protection of 2/3 of their imports (2007, pp. 152-154). Ilkensens argument ignores many aspects of international political economy and purely concentrates on the economics of the process of free trade. The rejection of the orthodoxy on primacy of producers over consumers is a very market based approach that concludes it is supportive for all involved and a desirable outcome of trade negotiations particularly when you highlight that developed nations are seen to give greater concessions.The WTO is an advanced and technical, monitoring and accordance mechanism for managing trade relations where tackling asymmetric power is the key to its existence where every member is given equal standing and access to the Dispute occlusion Understanding (Lanoszka, 2009, pp 47-51). Contrasting the view of Ilkensen are the criticisms placed against the WTO. Sarah Joseph highlights the dependency theory of Singer-Prebisch where free trade deepens the international division of labour that does not work in long term development because it entrenches positions of nations within the core industrialised west, the semi-periphery and periphery of developing nations (2013, p.8). This marxist interpretation of the international political economic system emphasises the asymmetric trade negotiations forced upon developing nations by the WTO to ensure the wests supremacy in terms of international relations and economics. She argues that with it being in the developed worlds interest to ensure a lack of diversity in the economies of the developing nations to create an underclass of labour that relies on manufactured imports and unusual direct investment (Ibid, p.9). She accuses the WTO of serving goods and services of big business rather than individuals in particular that of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) for creating worldwide patents on drugs which therefore prevents their mas use across developing nations to tackle health issues (Ibid, pp. 285-287). Josephs critical analysis of the effect of the WTO in pushing for free trade highlights the dominance of the west in maintaining the status quo and not creating the development it promises. In this the problems of free trade show that it is not universally desirable as an economic system.Similarly Joseph Stiglitz attacks the system of free trade for preventing development in the poorest nations by forcing them to state infrastructure and industry. Stiglitz agrees with Scrutons argument that liberalisation and international economics need to be sensitive to national economies in order to ensure growth and progress he argues that free trade is about efficiency nations rather than growth, comparative advantage assumes full employment, stability in developing countries and uses the example of Southeast Asia where high investment in physical and human activity acted as catalysts for growth (Stiglitz Charlton, 2007, p. 15-25). For developing countries protection of infant industries is more often than not optimal because foreign investment is dependent on selling at a loss until productivity rises which will not happen and in terms of state building the easiest form of revenue is import tariffs and the priorities of a developing economy are not in efficiency but growth (Ibid, 2007, pp.32-29). The argument of Stiglitz takes a different perspective on the aims of developing nations from efficiency to growth in their own context developing nations have very different needs to those that are developed in terms of human development. He highlights the fact that free trade only ben efits developed nations that force liberalisation on other nations through the WTO (Ibid, 2007).A further argument against free trade can be found in the environmental vestibule that sees potentially global economic expansion as inimical to the goal of preserving a clean, healthy, and sustainable global commons (Grossman Krueger, 1991, p.2). The analysis of the accounting by Grossman and Krueger was specifically regarding the NAFTA trade agreement and the environmental impact on Mexico. Specifically it highlights the problem with Mexico being a relatively poorly developed nation that should industrialisation add up due to liberalisation then pollution will grow under an undeveloped regulatory framework (Ibid, pp.3-4). But the Kuznets curve refutes the basic assumption of the report that economic growth leads to exponential environmental degradation by concluding that the greater the GDP per capita the lower the overall pollution in the long term (Stern, et al., 1996, p.1159). Fr ee trade has initial environmental degradation but the long term forecasts of the Kuznets curve negate the argument against free trade as a desirable system of international economics.The possibility of free trade is a debated topic and though the technical approach of Baldwin argues that global free trade isnt a possibility with the complexities of regionalism the overarching argument of Krasner that a hegemon, or as argued more recently a number of nations, providing public goods to fulfill the global demand without subject too great a cost is a convincing argument in the contemporary international political economy that free trade is possible. But the key debate is whether free trade is desirable in a global context. Taking international economics as a global supply chain then Ilkensens argument that the comparative advantage of each country placed within this chain then free trade is inevitable to lead to the most efficient forms of growth and all benefit. But the arguments of Stiglitz, Charlton and Joseph emphasis the underlying principle that global trade is a zero-sum system that embeds the current and historical inequalities between the global north and south. To conclude on whether free trade is desirable is dependent on whether the aim is growth or effieciency growth that it is partial to developing nations, efficiency that it benefits all. It is too complex a subject to conclude either way in this essay whether it is desirable.BibliographyBaldwin, R., 2006. Multilateralising Regionalism Spaghetti Bowls as Building Blocs on the Path to Global Free Trade. The World Economy, 29(11), pp. 1451-1518.Chestnut, S. Johnston, A. I., 2009. Is China Rising?. In E. Paus, P. Prime J. Western, eds. 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